Combat pilots in action

There are 2 competitors flying at once in the same circle, and they each have a streamer attached to their airframe. Once the centre marshal signals the beginning of combat both pilots attack each other's streamer to try and get as many cuts as possible. A winner is determined by, at the end of the 4 minutes, the larger score of cuts and airtime added together.

In this event there can be damage occurred to the planes so each competitor is allowed the use of 2 planes in each bout. There is no restriction to model design but the motor has limits of 2.5cc maximum, Venturi intake of 4mm round hole and the motor if using a glow powered motor must be muffled with a maximum diameter of the outlet of 8mm, Fuel is also restricted to 10% Nitro, 20% Castor Oil and 70% Methanol. However diesel compression ignition motors are unrestricted in inlet and exhaust size as well as fuel mixture!

FAI Combat (F2D), also known as Australian Fast Combat, is an event where the main objective is to attack the opponent’s paper streamer. A combat site is laid out over grass with a centre circle of 2 meter radius for the pilots to remain inside whilst their plane is airborne.

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CLASS F2D - COMBAT MODEL AIRCRAFT

Definition of a Combat Event

A combat event is a contest during which eliminating heats are followed by a final in which two competitors with their model aircraft fly in the same circle at the same moment for a predetermined time, the object being to cut a streamer attached on the longitudinal centre line of the opponent's model aircraft, points being awarded for each cut taken.

Model aircraft in which the propulsion energy is provided by a piston motor(s) and in which lift is obtained by aerodynamic forces acting on surfaces which remain fixed in flight, except for control surfaces.

The longitudinal centre line shall be defined as the axis of the propeller in case of a single engined model aircraft and the axis of symmetry in the case of multi-engine model aircraft.

The flight circle must be laid out on grass. The centre piloting circle may be laid out on grass or any other material having a maximum radius of 4 metres.

Competitor

The pilot, who shall be the entrant and known as the competitor, may employ a maximum of two mechanics in any one heat. (In exceptional circumstances of wet or extremely windy weather, an additional helper may be used as a streamer holder and must perform no other function for the duration of that combat period).

For World and Continental Championships, the helpers, a maximum of six other than team members or the team manager (or assistant team manager), must be registered for no more than one national team, from the beginning of the competition throughout to the end. During active combat periods, the pilot and his mechanic(s) must wear protective headgear fitted with an effective retaining strap.

Engines with glow plug ignition shall have their exhaust port(s) connected to silencer(s) (one or two), consisting of a simple chamber with one circular cross-section outlet aperture of 8mm (1) or 5,65 mm (2) diameter(s) opposing the exhaust port connection. The minimum total volume of the exhaust system shall be 12,5 cm3. In the case of two exhausts, each silencer shall have a minimum volume of 6,0 cm3. The maximum total length of the exhaust system from exhaust port(s) of the cylinder to and including outlet(s) is 15 cm.

The motor shall have a maximum effective venturi diameter of 4,00 mm (see 4.4.6.d for field verification).

A safety wire with a minimum diameter of 0,5 mm must be attached between the bellcrank bolt (axle) and the engine(s) so as to withstand a minimum pull load of 100 N.
The model aircraft shall not carry any artificial aid intended to assist the cutting of the streamers. The model aircraft shall be equipped with a device specially designed to retain the streamer which shall be fitted on the longitudinal centre line and sufficiently strong so that the streamer shall not become detached under normal flying conditions.

Standard fuel shall be supplied by the organisers to be used for practice (minimum 0,5 ltr) and competition (sufficient to complete rounds) to the following formula: 10% nitromethane 20% castor oil lubricant (first pressing) 70% methanol. A reasonable charge may be made for the fuel.

Note: Fuel for compression ignition engines is not restricted.

Rule B.3.1. Section 4B does not apply to class F2D.

The length of the control lines must be 15,92 +/- 0,04 m. It is measured from the inboard face of the grip of control handle to the longitudinal centre line of the model aircraft.

Two multi-strand control lines of a minimum diameter of 0.385 mm (no minus tolerance) must be used. No free ends capable of entangling an opponent's lines, and no line splices, are permitted. A safety strap connecting the competitor's wrist to the control handle must be provided by the competitor and worn at all times while his model aircraft is flying.

Before each heat any sets of lines which may be used must be checked for length and diameter. A pull test shall be applied to the assembled handle(s), control lines and model aircraft for all equipment to be used in that heat. The pull test shall be equal to 150 N.

The motor shall be naturally aspirated via a single round intake. For field verification before a flight this intake opening shall be checked with a simple plug gauge per the following sketch:

Any interconnecting chamber between the air intake and the induction port of the motor shall have a maximum volume of 1,75 cm3. This clearly prohibits sub-piston induction for supplementary air intake.

Any venturi insert designed to accomplish this must be positively retained so that it may not accidentally become dislodged during the heat.

The silencer(s) on the glow engines shall have a round exhaust the rearmost end of which will not admit a 8,05 mm (one silencer) or 5,65 mm (two silencers) diameter plug gauge(s).

     OR    
 

Silencer measurements will also measure:
1)   the volume of the silencer by filling with an appropriate liquid (oil or other);
2)  inspecting the silencer's internal compartment to determine if it is truly "simple", i.e. it is an empty container with no internal components, a single exhaust opening and one allowable pressure tap directly connected to the fuel tank, of maximum diameter 2 mm. No other openings or vents are allowed.

A competitor may have processed a maximum number of model aircraft equal to twice the number of heats a competitor may have to fly (excluding reflights). Only one model aircraft specification certificate is required for each design of model aircraft presented by each competitor.

Each competitor shall be permitted a maximum of two model aircraft, two handles, two pairs of lines and two engines in each combat heat. If the reserve model aircraft is used, the streamer or its remaining parts must be transferred to the reserve model aircraft. Handle plus lines for the reserve model aircraft must be placed just outside the centre circle.

Streamer

The streamer shall consist of double weight crepe paper (80 g/m2) or any replacement of equivalent strength, not less than 2,25 m or more than 3 m long and 3 +/ 0,5 cm wide, fixed to a sisal string of 2,5 m minimum length. All streamers must be of the same length. There shall be a clearly visible ink mark 2,5 m from the junction of the string and streamer. The streamer shall be attached to the model aircraft in such a way that the ink mark is level with, or behind, the rearmost portion of the model aircraft (see sketch). The attachment part of the string shall have a minimum length of 0,75 metre.

The attachment end of the streamer shall be reinforced on either side by tape approximately 2 cm wide affixed diagonally to the length of the streamer with one at right angles to the other and extending for a maximum of 5 cm. An additional fibre/fabric reinforced tape 2 cm wide is affixed across the streamer (see detail below).

STREAMER AND ATTACHING STRING SPECIFICATIONS

The colour of the streamer must be different for the two competitors in the heat. Each pilot/pit crew shall be issued with a streamer at the start of the heat by the judge assigned to that competitor. A second streamer will be available from this judge when needed.

During the starting period the launching positions must be separated by at least a quarter of a lap. The first named competitor in the draw shall have the choice of streamer colour and the other the choice of starting position.

A first signal, given by the Circle Marshal, shall signify the beginning of the 60 seconds period when the mechanic(s) or the pilot have the opportunity to start, run and adjust their motors.

A second signal, given by the Official Timer, shall signify the beginning of the combat period on or after which the model aircraft may be launched.

From the moment the Official Timer has given the signal to launch the combat heat lasts for four minutes.

When the Circle Marshal is satisfied that each model aircraft has completed two level laps, anticlockwise, separated by approximately half a lap, he will give a signal that combat may commence.

Combat may begin after a restart signal from the Circle Marshal following an interruption when one or both model aircraft have been grounded. This signal shall be given as soon as the Circle Marshal is satisfied that there is approximately half a lap separation between the two model aircraft.

The Circle Marshal shall give an acoustic signal to terminate the combat heat four minutes after the signal to launch, i.e. five minutes after the first signal to run and adjust motors.

The same acoustic signal shall be given if the heat has to be terminated due to disqualification of one or both competitors or for any other reason.

The Circle Marshal shall signal both pilots to fly level and anti-clockwise and to cease combat when both streamer strings have been cut. If one pilot has only the string remaining he may request the circle marshal instruct both pilots to fly level and anti-clockwise and to cease combat. This decision may not be reversed, once made.

100 points shall be awarded for each distinct cut off the opponent's crepe paper streamer. There is a cut each time the model aircraft, propeller or lines fly through the opponent's streamer resulting in paper particle(s) becoming detached from the streamer.

A cut must contain at least one part of the paper streamer. A cut that contains string alone will not count.

Should the string become detached from the model aircraft while airborne the competitor shall be penalised by 100 points and must immediately on a signal from the Circle Marshal land and replace the streamer. Ground time will be counted from the moment of such a signal being given.

If after a mid-air collision no streamer can be found and the streamer retaining device is missing or bent, then, with the permission of the judges, it is acceptable to continue the heat without replacing the streamer.

One point shall be awarded for each whole second that a model aircraft is airborne during the four minute period.

Each whole second of stay on the ground of the model aircraft shall be penalised by 1 point. In the case of a model aircraft fly-away, with or without lines, this ground time shall commence from the moment of such fly-away (see 4.4.12.b)).

Each warnable offence (see 4.4.14.) shall be penalised by the deduction of 40 points from the competitor's score.

Should the mechanic(s) damage the streamer, or the model aircraft cut its own streamer, whilst the model aircraft is on the ground the mechanic(s) must replace it with a new streamer. If they launch the model aircraft without so replacing it, the competitor shall be penalised by 100 points. Ground time will be counted while the model aircraft is airborne with the damaged streamer.

In the event of a model aircraft fly-away, as a result of the lines having been severed by his opponent's model aircraft, lines or engine, in which the model aircraft and streamer may not be retrievable due to the distance flown, the circle marshal asks the affected pilot whether he wants a new attempt or not. The affected pilot must respond immediately, without consulting others about the status of the heat. If the pilot wants to continue the flight he must use a new full-length streamer.

The pilots should be informed before the beginning of the competition where the fly-away area is defined. This area should be clearly defined by the organisers.

In the event of a line tangle resulting in the control line(s) breaking and only one model aircraft being grounded, making it impossible to clear the line tangle.

If, as a result of a line tangle, an opponent’s model aircraft cuts its own streamer in flight or the streamer, unless only string remains, becomes wrapped around the model aircraft and/or the lines, the heat shall be re-flown.

A pilot must remain inside the centre circle while his model aircraft is flying except at the moment of release of his model aircraft by the pitman.

During the combat period each competitor (and his pit crew) shall be watched by at least one member of the F2D panel of judges specifically assigned to him, in addition to the Circle Marshal, to ensure that they behave in a fair manner according to the rules.

After a mid-air collision the heat shall continue as if both model aircraft had landed, subject to articles 4.4.15.c), e), k), l), and m).

if the mechanics enter the flying circle at an oblique angle or cut across the flying circle to reach a downed model aircraft. One penalty only will be incurred for each offence even if more than one mechanic is involved;

if the mechanic(s)/pilot do not immediately, or after a line disentanglement, withdraw a grounded model aircraft to outside the 20 metre circle prior to servicing it;

if the mechanic(s)/pilot allows both engines to be running at the same time during the 4 minute flight period; brief bursts, not longer than 10 seconds to warm the engine with a prime or to clear a flood is permitted. Running the engine from the tank is not permitted.

1) If the silencer falls off during the flight or ceases to operate, the pilot must land immediately and replace the silencer, 100 points penalty.
2) If, as a result of a mid-air collision, the silencer is detached and the model aircraft remains airborne, the heat may continue but the silencer must be replaced on landing before the model aircraft can be used again.

he deliberately attacks the streamer of his opponent's model aircraft prior to the Circle Marshal's signal to commence;

he attempts to fly a model aircraft which at the time of launch does not have a strong effective control mechanism, or does not have a secure engine attachment or does not have a running engine;

he leaves the lines or any of his model aircraft, which at that moment are not airborne, in the centre circle;

he leaves the centre circle, intentionally while his model aircraft is flying, or without informing his opponent of his intention to do so when his model aircraft is grounded for a purpose other than to pick up the lines of the reserve model aircraft or to allow his model aircraft to be serviced;

he flies in such a manner as to inhibit his opponent, or his opponent's pit crew, from clearing any line entanglement;

he flies other than level in an anticlockwise direction when only his model aircraft is airborne and there is no line entanglement;

he fails to clear any line tangle prior to launching his reserve model aircraft unless both he and his opponent have informed the Circle Marshal that they have agreed to continue the heat without clearing the line tangle. In this event the Circle Marshal must agree to the continuation, only doing so when he is satisfied that it is safe to continue;

he releases the handle, or removes the safety strap, for any reason, while the model aircraft is flying;

he interferes to cause a ground hit of, or collides with his opponent's model aircraft that clearly has no streamer left and flies level in anticlockwise direction without any manoeuvres to chase and attack;

if the streamer becomes detached from the streamer retaining device during combat, but not as a result of the mid air collision;

if the model aircraft lands with no streamer string and the streamer retaining device is missing or bent, but not as a result of a mid-air collision;

Each round shall be randomly drawn (subject to 4.4.16.j)) from the competitors remaining in the competition.

In the event of an unmatched competitor remaining in any round, that competitor shall be matched with the first competitor drawn (subject to 4.4.16.j)) in the next round and if he is not first eliminated in each successive round, unless such time as there is again an unmatched competitor remaining in a round. At that time these two competitors shall be matched (subject to 4.4.16.j)) to complete that round.

Individual and team standings will be based on the number of heats won. Losses will not be subtracted.

In the event of a tie for second or third place (both cannot happen) fly them off using the above procedures except allowing only one loss during the fly-off.

In the event of a two way tie for third remaining after a fly-off for second, match them with the winner to take third.

In the event of a tie score in any heat, that heat shall be re-flown. A heat is considered a tie if the score difference is 5 points or less.

Previous opponents and competitors of the same nationality shall be drawn apart if possible with competitors of the same nationality to fly against each other only if there are no remaining opponents.

Defending champions, not members of their national team, are considered as individuals not possessing any specific nationality.

A specific junior final tournament will be organised if juniors are at the same placing (tie) in the general tournament, in order to define who is first, second and third for the specific individual placing and will have no influence on the general individual placing (no change in the team classification).

Each competitor shall be ranked according to his number of wins, not counting fly-off heats, with the fly-off heats being used to establish second and third place as necessary.

The team classification is established by taking the total scores, obtained in 4.4.17.b) above, of the three best scoring members of the team together. In the case of a team tie, the team with the lower sum of place numbers, given in order from the top, wins. If still equal, the best individual placing decides. Complete three-competitor teams are ranked ahead of two-competitor teams which, in turn, are ranked ahead of single competitor entries.

Judges and Timekeepers

The organisers shall appoint a panel of three judges who shall be selected from a list of persons proposed by National Airsport Controls for their proficiency and experience and approved by the CIAM. The judges must have at least one language in common. At World and Continental Championships and other limited entry international competitions the judges must be of different nationalities. In open international competitions the judges must be of at least two nationalities and only two of them must be approved by CIAM. Three timekeepers/scorers, efficiently briefed about their task and trained on the field during the practice flights, shall be allotted to each competitor for World and Continental Championships, two for open internationals. They are only responsible for the competitor's score. If required, they can ask the advice of the judge/circle marshal.

F2D Modified Combat is an event where there are 2 pilots in the 2-metre radius centre circle, attacking the paper streamer attached to the opponent’s aircraft.

This event differs to FAI F2D Combat in that there is no restriction on engines used, i.e. there is no maximum intake diameter or maximum outlet diameter.

This event is very easy to get involved in as competitors can increase the performance of their engine by alterations not allowed in F2D.

Again there is no restriction on model design, but as in every event, building a nice light, strong model is the key to success.

There can also be damage occur in this event, as models do come close to each other when combat is happening, so backup models are required, with a maximum of 2 models able to be used in 1 combat bout.

The winner of the 4-minute combat bout is determined by the amount of cuts and airtime added together.

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F2D COMBAT – MODIFIED

the requirements of 4.4.5. relating to the mandatory use of silencer(s) for glow engines shall not apply IN NON NOISE SENSITIVE AREAS.

Open Combat is the most frantic, exhilarating, eventful and scariest combat event there is.

This event allows motors up to 6cc to be used, these big beasts create awesome amounts of brute force, but it is an event which reliability is a major key to success.

Having reliable models and motors, which are user friendly and easy to start, will help the competitor go far in this competition.

 

These models are much larger than that of F2D and 1/2A, but fly just as fast and turn just as tight with no speed loss during the turns.

This event is the one most loved by spectators, as it is known that in this event there is a lot of mid air collisions and lots of confetti from foam models so 2 models are allowed to be used in each bout of open combat.

The winner of the 4-minute combat bout is determined by the amount of cuts and airtime added together.

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OPEN COMBAT
[Australian Rules]

Open Combat to Australian rules is similar to FAI Combat [F2D] but allows larger models and modified contest procedures. F2D rules apply unless specifically changed by these rules.

Two pieces of stranded wire, each of a minimum diameter 0.40 mm, must be visibly and safely attached between the bell crank bolt and the engine [not the mounting bolts].

Control lines shall be multi-strand of a minimum diameter of 0.4 mm. No free ends capable of entangling an opponent's lines shall be permitted.

Line connectors shall be of a closed overlapping loop style similar to an elongated key ring. However, key rings and all other types of connectors are not permitted.

Pull Test: The model control mechanism from the handle and including the model shall withstand a 32g pull test which load shall be held for five seconds prior to each heat.

Streamer size shall be 50 mm wide by 2.5 metres long, attached by a string leader 2 metres long, plus 0.250 metres for the purpose of tying to the model.

Pilots may leave the centre circle to start their motors without incurring loss of points or flight cancellation.

1/2A Combat is an easy event to get into if you like the idea of combat! Motor size is 1.5cc with no restrictions on model size or fuel mixtures. 1/2A Combat is flown over grass with a 3 meter radius centre circle for the pilots to remain inside of whilst their plane is airborne. There are 2 competitors flying at once in the same circle, each competitor is allowed 1 model per bout.

Both competitors models have a paper streamer attached to the centre line of the model and the idea is to take as many cuts on the opponents streamer as possible. The winner is determined by, at the end of the 4-minute bout, the larger score of both airtime and cuts added together.

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1/2 A Combat
[Victorian Rules]

A combat site must consist of 2 concentric circles which shall be marked out on grass.

Fuel system shall be suction feed or muffler pressure only. No crankcase pressure, bladders or pacifiers are permitted.

Line Length: The length of the control lines must be 12.8 ± 0.04m The length is measured from the face of the grip on the control handle to the centre line of the model.

Control lines: two multi-strand control line wires of a minimum diameter of 0.3mm must be used.

Line test: Before each bout a pull test of 20g shall be applied for 5 seconds to the model/line combination.

4.5.1

Contest period: Immediately after the 60 second preparation , the signal to launch models will be given. The combat bout lasts for 4 minutes from the signal to launch.

The bout will be started after each model has completed 2 level laps and are separated by approximately half a lap.

Description Notes

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Simple Combat
[Victorian Rules]

Engine shall be an unmodified, non racing engine. The following engines are currently acceptable.

Plain Bearing: O.S, Enya, PAW, Thunder Tiger, Taipan, Webra and Silver Swallow.

Ball Race: Taipan BR diesel, PAW SBR, PAW TBR, Oliver Tiger and Super Tigre G20-15 Diesel. Note: BR engines must use an 8" (200mm) diameter or larger propeller.

A commercially available wood, nylon or glass reinforced nylon propeller must be used. (i.e. no Carbon or Glass Epoxy props eg Bolly, Supercool etc)

Fuel system shall be suction feed or muffler pressure only. No crankcase pressure, bladders or pacifiers are permitted.

5.4.1

Line Length: The length of the control lines must be 15.92 ± 0.04 m. The length is measured from the face of the grip on the control handle to the centre line of the model.

Control lines: two multi-strand control line wires of a minimum diameter of 0.3mm must be used.

Line test: Before each bout a pull test of 20g shall be applied for 5 seconds to the model/line combination.

Contest period: Immediately after the 60 second preparation , the signal to launch models will be given. The combat bout lasts for 4 minutes from the signal to launch.

The bout will be started after each model has completed 2 level laps and are separated by approximately half a lap.

Description Notes

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Profile Combat
[Victorian Rules]

6.3.1

Description Notes

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C/L VINTAGE COMBAT
[Australian Rules]

A Vintage model must be built in accordance with a design which was in common use prior to and up to December 31ST 1970 or was kitted prior to that date.

Models must be an accurate plan view of the original.

Models must not exceed original overall dimensions or be more than 6mm smaller on any dimension.

The CD may decide not to accept a model, which in their opinion has been altered in outline so as to change the appearance or performance of the model as originally designed.

Examples:
· Elevator shape, size or hinge moment being altered. (Violates rule 1.1(b)(2) and/or 1.1(b)(1))
· External bellcranks, which are shown internal on the original plan and visa-versa.
· The onus of proof in any such case must always lie with the competitor.

The model shall be covered in a material that was available at the time that the model was in use.

Examples:
· Tissue
· Glass cloth
· Nylon fabric
· Silk fabric
· Terylene netting
· Combination of any of the above

Sheeted areas may be added to or omitted.

Examples:
· Leading Edge, Trailing Edge or Centre Sheeting as shown on the plan may be deleted.

Changes to wing section, internal structure or degree of asymmetry of wing.

Examples:
· Whilst retaining the original wing planform the engine pod and elevator may be moved inboard or outboard to give a different degree of asymmetry to the wing.
· Internal structure may be lightened or strengthened limited by 1.1(e)(6)
· Wing thickness may be increased or decreased.

Additional booms or replacement of wire booms with wooden ones and vice versa and spacing of booms (noting that the original elevator size and hinge moment must be maintained).

A balanced elevator may be changed to a conventional elevator and vice versa. The elevator must retain the original outline.

Model alterations must be carried out using constructional techniques and materials that were used by aeromodellers at the time the model was in use except as noted below.

Examples:
· The use of Carbon, Kevlar or Boron fibre is not permitted.
· Modern adhesives are permitted.
· Styrofoam or other expanded foam may be used only where shown on the original plan. (eg Styrobat, Aeromodeller January 1967) It is acceptable to substitute wood where foam is called out on the original plan, but not to use foam on models where this is not called out on the original plan.

Where the original model had an upright engine this may be converted to “sidewinder”.

Any plain bearing crankshaft diesel or glow engine of 2.5cc maximum displacement may be used.

The following ballrace crankshaft engines of pre 31st Dec 1970 construction (Any mark or model unless otherwise noted) may be used:

· A.M. 25
· A.M. 35
· C.S. Oliver Mk3 replica
· D.C. Rapier
· E.D. Racer
· Elfin 249
· Enya 15D or G
· ETA 15
· Frog 249
· Oliver Tiger Mks 2,3,
· OS 15D or G
· PAW 249, 249 TBR CT 1&2
· PAW 19D, 19DCT
· MVVS 2.5/1958TRS&D7 Rivers Silver Streak
· Russian Oliver Mk3 Replica
· Super Tiger G20/15D or G & G15
· Taipan 2.5cc
· Taifun Orkan
· Webra Mach 1 & 2

Additional engines may be eligible. If requested by the CD, the competitor must provide documented proof of age, or in the case of a replica/reproduction engine documentary evidence that it is an accurate representation of the original engine.

The flight circle must be laid out on grass. The centre (piloting) circle may be laid out on grass or any other material having a maximum radius of 4 metres.

The attachment end of the streamer shall be reinforced on either side by tape approximately 2 cm wide affixed diagonally to the length of the streamer with one at right angles to the other and extending for a maximum of 5 cm. An additional fibre/fabric reinforced tape 2 cm wide is affixed across the streamer (see detail below).

The streamer must be attached within 55mm of the longitudinal centre line of the model.

The Centre Marshall must wear protective headgear during the active combat period.

From the moment the Official Timer has given the signal to launch the combat heat lasts for four minutes.

Scoring shall commence from the signal to launch and continue for the four minute period.

In the event of a model aircraft fly-away, as a result of the lines having been severed by his opponent's model aircraft, lines or engine, in which the model aircraft and streamer may not be retrievable due to the distance flown, the circle marshal asks the affected pilot whether he wants a new attempt or not. The affected pilot must respond immediately, without consulting others about the status of the heat. If the pilot wants to continue the flight he must use a new full-length streamer. The pilots should be informed before the beginning of the competition where the fly-away area is defined. This area should be clearly defined by the organisers.

In the event of a line tangle resulting in the control line(s) breaking and only one model aircraft being grounded, making it impossible to clear the line tangle.

If, as a result of a line tangle, an opponent’s model aircraft cuts its own streamer in flight or the streamer, unless only string remains, becomes wrapped around the model aircraft and/or the lines, the heat shall be re-flown.

During the bout the mechanics enter the flying circle at an oblique angle or cut across the flying circle to reach a downed model. One penalty only will be incurred for each offence even if more than one mechanic is involved.

If the mechanic(s)/pilot do not immediately, or after a line disentanglement withdraw a grounded model to outside the 20 metre circle prior to servicing it.

If the streamer becomes detached from the model during combat but not as a result of a mid air collision. (See also1.11(f))

If the pilot leaves the centre circle without informing his opponent and the Centre Marshall.

He deliberately attacks the streamer of his opponent’s model prior to the Circle Marshall’s signal to commence.

His model fails to become airborne within two minutes of the signal to launch.

He attempts to fly a model, which at the time of launch, does not have a strong effective control mechanism, or does not have a secure engine attachment, or does not have a running engine.

He interferes with his opponent, or forces his opponent to leave the centre circle.

He attacks his opponent’s streamer without his own, or the remaining parts, attached to his model.

He is not present at his allotted flight time, unless he has the express permission of the Circle Marshall.

He leaves the centre circle intentionally whilst his model is flying, or without informing his opponent of his intention to do so when his model is grounded.

He flies in such a manner as to inhibit his opponent, or his opponents mechanics, from clearing any line entanglement.

He flies other than in an anticlockwise direction when only his model is in the air and there is no line entanglement.

At the start of each bout and after a restart when one or both models have been grounded, both models MUST fly level and anticlockwise and combat MUST NOT commence until a signal is given by the Circle Marshall. Attacking the opponent’s streamer before this signal will result in disqualification.

He releases the handle, or removes the safety strap, for any reason, while the model is flying.

He deliberately attacks or interferes with his opponent’s continuously level flying model which clearly has no paper streamer left. He may, however, follow closely.

The mechanics jump over the opponents model and lines kept within the pitting area.

He fails to clear any line tangle prior to relaunching his model.

He flies level (upright or inverted) at a height of less than 6 feet for more than two consecutive laps whilst the bout is under-way unless instructed to by the Circle Marshall. The Circle Marshall will warn a flier that he is approaching this limit.

The Circle Marshall believes that he has behaved in an un-gentlemanly manner.